A non-interventional comparative study between medical and dental undergraduates regarding their knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic use in a tertiary care teaching rural hospital: emphasis on WHO fact-sheets

Background: The threat of antibiotic resistance is rapidly progressing and intensifying. The awareness generation of antibiotic use, its seriousness and significance are the first step towards restricting its progress. It is in this regards that this comparative questionnaire-based study was conducted.Methods: The knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among medical and dental students of a tertiary care teaching rural hospital was assessed.  Before initiating the study, their written consent was taken, and 125 structured questionnaires were distributed to medical and dental students. Data collected was further entered in Microsoft excel sheet and further comparison of KAP between them was analysed.Results: The results were depicted in percentage. Regarding the indiscriminate and injudicious use of antibiotics can lead to prolongation of illness, the medical students were more aware 82.4% compared to the dental 65.6%. When asked about additional burden of medical cost to the patient, the medical students responded with yes 88.8% and dental student’s response of yes was 47.22%. Also, medical 90.4% students had heard about antibiotic resistance and 60.8% from dental students, which implies that UG students should be made more aware of antibiotic resistance and its consequences.Conclusions: Thus, the results of the study give useful information about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical and dental students, that can be further utilized to plan suitable educational interventions that target at improving the knowledge for prescribing antimicrobial medicines. This can further help in minimizing the development of bacterial resistance

A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic usage among the undergraduate students of a tertiary care teaching rural hospital: with an emphasis of WHO fact-sheets

Background: Awareness regarding the antibiotic usage forms vital way to overcome the quickly deepening problem of antibiotic resistance. Hence, all the medical students should be made aware of the current emerging health related issues as future clinicians. It is in this regards that this study was undertaken among undergraduate (UG) students, in order to assess their knowledge, attitude & practice concerning antibiotic use.Methods: The present observational study was conducted over a period of four months starting from May 2018 till August 2018 among undergraduates. A total of 250 structured questionnaires were distributed. Data collected was further entered in Microsoft excel sheet and further analysed.Results: Total 250 students participated in this present study. Out of them, nearly 75.6% had heard about antibiotic resistance while 24.4% denied. Regarding the improper use of antibiotics that can cause antibiotic resistance 70% was aware. Moreover, nearly 40.4% attended a CME about rational use of antibiotics. The belief that the antibiotics are safe drugs hence they can be commonly used was reported by 48%. The results were grouped into knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the antibiotic use.Conclusions: Thus, the result gives us useful insight regarding KAP of the undergraduate students who will be future prescribers of antibiotics. This can be further applied to plan desirable educational informative interventions that focus on improving the knowledge for prescribing antibiotics in future clinicians, which can further help in reducing the development of antibiotic resistance

Preface: Advances in flood risk assessment and management

Floods are among Earth's most common and most destructive natural hazards, affecting human lives and properties directly and indirectly around the world. The frequency and magnitude of extreme flooding have been increasing in many parts of the world in recent decades (see, e.g. Berghuijs et al., 2017; Blöschl et al., 2019a; Marijnissen et al., 2019), hampering human well-being and economic growth in both developed and developing countries. Flood risk management carries out the flood risk assessment and uses appropriate resources (human, finance, science and technology, and nature) to control the flood risk (Han, 2011), which is an urgent challenge for the scientific and engineering communities to address. In a similar way to "Twenty-Three unsolved problems in hydrology" (Blöschl et al., 2019b), despite decades of research in this field, there are still many unsolved problems in floods as well. This special issue "Flood Risk Assessment and Management" is an outcome of the session "Flood Risk Assessment and Management" in the Naturals Hazards Division at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly held in Vienna, Austria. The session series has been organized annually at EGU since 2018. This special issue presents a wide range of in-depth research studies based on flood modelling (including hydrological modelling and hydrodynamic modelling), hazard mapping, flood damage and risk assessment as well as studies that focus on flood relief prioritization, mitigation strategies and flood policies. Extraordinary floods and debris flows are also included due to dam and dike breaks and extreme storms over gullies in mountain areas. The nine articles in this special issue are broadly introduced in the following three categorie

DESIGN AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A TRANSFORMER TANK A REVIEW PAPER

ABSTRACT

Pretrained Language Models as Visual Planners for Human Assistance

To make progress towards multi-modal AI assistants which can guide users to achieve complex multi-step goals, we propose the task of Visual Planning for Assistance (VPA). Given a goal briefly described in natural language, e.g., "make a shelf", and a video of the user's progress so far, the aim of VPA is to obtain a plan, i.e., a sequence of actions such as "sand shelf", "paint shelf", etc., to achieve the goal. This requires assessing the user's progress from the untrimmed video, and relating it to the requirements of underlying goal, i.e., relevance of actions and ordering dependencies amongst them. Consequently, this requires handling long video history, and arbitrarily complex action dependencies. To address these challenges, we decompose VPA into video action segmentation and forecasting. We formulate the forecasting step as a multi-modal sequence modeling problem and present Visual Language Model based Planner (VLaMP), which leverages pre-trained LMs as the sequence model. We demonstrate that VLaMP performs significantly better than baselines w.r.t all metrics that evaluate the generated plan. Moreover, through extensive ablations, we also isolate the value of language pre-training, visual observations, and goal information on the performance. We will release our data, model, and code to enable future research on visual planning for assistance

Assessment of flood inundation mapping of Surat city by coupled 1D/2D hydrodynamic modeling:a case application of the new HEC-RAS 5

Surat city of India, situated 100 km downstream of Ukai Dam and 19.4 km upstream from the mouth of River Tapi, has experienced the largest flood in 2006. The peak discharge of about 25,770 m3 s−1 released from the Ukai Dam was responsible for a disaster. To assess the flood and find inundation in low-lying areas, simulation work is carried out under the 1D/2D couple hydrodynamic modeling. Two hundred ninety-nine cross sections, two hydraulic structures and five major bridges across the river are considered for 1D modeling, whereas a topographic map at 0.5 m contour interval was used to produce a 5 m grid, and SRTM (30 and 90 m) grid has been considered for Surat and the Lower Tapi Basin. The tidal level at the river mouth and the release from the Ukai Dam during 2006 flood are considered as the downstream and upstream boundaries, respectively. The model is simulated under the unsteady flow condition and validated for the year 2006. The simulated result shows that 9th August was the worst day in terms of flooding for Surat city and a maximum 75–77% area was under inundation. Out of seven zones, the west zone had the deepest flood and inundated under 4–5 m. Furthermore, inundation is simulated under the bank protection work (i.e., levees, retaining wall) constructed after the 2006 flood. The simulated results show that the major zones are safe against the inundation under 14,430 m3 s−1 water releases from Ukai Dam except for the west zone. The study shows the 2D capability of new HEC-RAS 5 for flood inundation mapping and management studies

Integrated Flood Risk Management Approach Using Mesh Grid Stability and Hydrodynamic Model

Today, inhabitants residing in floodplains face a serious and perpetual threat of flooding. Flooding causes fatalities and considerable property damage in metropolitan areas. Therefore, robust structural measures need to be adopted to eliminate flood catastrophe. Structural measures in the floodplain are the most promising solutions. However, there are cost-associated factors for proposing a flood retention plan. Navsari city (98.36 km2, area extent) of Gujarat was used as a case study to investigate the impact of mesh grid structures (100 m, 90 m, and 50 m) along with structural measures for the preparation of a flood retention plan. The HEC-RAS 2D hydrodynamic model was performed for the Purna River. The output of the model was characterized by four different scenarios: (i) Without weir and levees (WOWL), (ii) With weir (WW), (iii) With levees (WL), and (iv) With weir and levees (WWL). The statistical parameters (R2, RMSE, NSE, inundation time, and inundation area) were determined to evaluate model accuracy. The outcome of the model revealed that a 50 m size mesh grid exhibited more accurate results, yielding high NSE and R2 values (0.982 and 0.9855), a low RMSE value (0.450 m), and a smaller inundation area (114.61 km2). The results further revealed that the WW scenario was the most effective flood retention measure as it delayed the flood water for up to 16 h, and managed the flood with the WOWL case. Moreover, the mean error (WW scenario) estimated from profiles 1 and 2 ranged from (−0.7 to 0.62) and from (−0.1 to 0.02 m), respectively, which were evaluated as very low when compared with other scenarios. The novel scenario-based flood retention plan emphasizing the stability of mesh grid structures using the hydrodynamic model can be applied to any other region around the globe to recommend efficacious structural flood measures for flood decision making systems